Which society is characterized as the most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society, primarily engaged in food production?

The most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society, primarily engaged in food production, is an agrarian society. Agrarian societies are characterized by their reliance on farming and large-scale agriculture, utilizing advanced techniques and tools that enhance productivity significantly compared to earlier forms of subsistence farming.

In contrast to pastoral societies, which primarily focus on the herding and breeding of livestock, agrarian societies cultivate a variety of crops, often leading to settled communities with complex social structures. This advancement in technology and food production facilitates not only higher population densities but also the development of more sophisticated societal institutions, such as trade networks, governance, and social stratification.

While agricultural society may sound similar, the term "agrarian" typically encompasses societies that are more advanced in their farming practices, often integrating systems of irrigation, crop rotation, and other innovations that define the agricultural economy at this stage of societal development. Thus, agrarian society stands out as the correct answer, embodying both the technological advancements and the agricultural focus that distinguishes it from other societal forms.