Which political philosophy was prominent among younger Blacks in the 1960s that emphasized the need for Black-controlled institutions?

The prominence of the Black power political philosophy among younger Blacks in the 1960s arose from a desire for self-determination and the establishment of Black-controlled institutions. This movement was a response to the limitations of previous strategies that focused primarily on integration and desegregation. Advocates of Black power called for greater cultural pride, economic independence, and political recognition of the unique experiences and needs of Black communities.

This philosophy emphasized that in order to effectively address the systemic oppression faced by Black individuals, it was crucial to develop institutions—such as schools, businesses, and political organizations—that were controlled and run by Black people. Leaders associated with this movement, like Stokely Carmichael and organizations such as the Black Panther Party, sought not just civil rights but also the empowerment of Black communities to assert their own identities and governance.

In contrast, integration and desegregation focused more on blending into existing structures dominated by white society and often fell short of addressing the deeper issues of autonomy and self-reliance. Affirmative action, while aimed at correcting inequalities, did not specifically emphasize the establishment of Black-controlled institutions but rather sought to create opportunities within the existing social framework.