Which concept involves maintaining dominance over a people by a foreign power for an extended time?

The concept that involves maintaining dominance over a people by a foreign power for an extended time is colonialism. Colonialism specifically refers to the practice where a country establishes and maintains control over foreign territories, often through settlement, economic exploitation, and the imposition of political power.

This process generally involves the subjugation of the indigenous population and the extraction of resources for the benefit of the colonizing power. Colonialism is characterized not only by control over land but also by the cultural, social, and economic restructuring of the colonized society to align with the values and interests of the colonizers.

While imperialism is related and may involve similar dynamics of control and influence, it can also encompass broader strategies of extending a country's power, including economic dominance and diplomatic pressure, without necessarily establishing settlements. Dominion and occupation can imply varying degrees of control, but they do not capture the comprehensive and systemic nature of colonial rule in the same way that colonialism does.