What theory explains deviance as an adaptation of socially prescribed goals or norms?

The theory that best explains deviance as an adaptation to socially prescribed goals or norms is the strain theory. This framework, developed by sociologist Robert Merton, posits that society sets culturally accepted goals and acceptable means to achieve those goals. When individuals experience a disconnect between these goals and their ability to achieve them through legitimate means, they may resort to deviant behaviors as a way to adapt.

For example, if societal norms prioritize financial success but barriers prevent certain individuals from obtaining that success—such as poverty, discrimination, or lack of education—they might turn to illegal activities as a means to achieve the same ends. This highlights how deviance can be a response to the pressures or strains individuals face in their pursuit of culturally sanctioned goals.

The anomie theory, while relevant, specifically focuses on the breakdown of social norms and values that can lead to deviance rather than the adaptation aspect central to strain theory. Social cohesion theory centers on the bonds that bring people together in society, and labeling theory deals with the effects of societal labels on individuals rather than their adaptation to goals. Thus, strain theory provides the most comprehensive explanation of how deviance arises in relation to societal pressures and goals.