What terminology describes failures that are systemic and expected within human and technological systems?

The correct term for failures that are systemic and expected within human and technological systems is "normal accidents." This concept, introduced by sociologist Charles Perrow, emphasizes that in complex systems, certain accidents are inevitable due to the interdependencies and interactions among various components. These systems often operate under conditions that can lead to unexpected outcomes, despite the best planning and safety measures.

Perrow argues that the complexity and tight coupling of elements within these systems create a situation where failures can cascade and result in significant hazards or disasters. Therefore, the term "normal accidents" captures the idea that such failures are not atypical but rather an inherent characteristic of how complex systems function.

While other terms like systematic errors, predictable failures, and technological flaws may describe various shortcomings in systems, they do not convey the same recognition of the inherent risks and the unexpected nature of failures that are a product of systemic dynamics. Normal accidents reflect a broader understanding of the limitations and vulnerabilities of human and technological interactions.