What term refers to the basic elements of human communication, including gestures and language?

The term that refers to the basic elements of human communication, including gestures and language, is "symbols." In sociology, symbols are understood as objects, gestures, sounds, images, or words that carry particular meanings recognized by people within a culture. They serve as vital tools through which individuals convey ideas, emotions, and messages.

Symbols encompass both verbal language, such as words and phrases, and non-verbal language, such as gestures, facial expressions, and body language. For example, a thumbs-up gesture can symbolize approval or agreement, while spoken or written words articulate more complex ideas. This is why the concept of symbols is essential in understanding how people communicate and interact within societies.

The other terms listed, while related to communication, do not encompass the full range of meanings and implications that "symbols" do in the context of human interaction.