What term did Ferdinand Tönnies use to describe large, impersonal communities with little consensus on values?

Ferdinand Tönnies introduced the terms "Gemeinschaft" and "Gesellschaft" to describe two different types of social groups and communities. The term "Gesellschaft" refers specifically to large, impersonal societies characterized by weaker social ties and less emotional connection between individuals. In such communities, there is often a lack of consensus on shared values and norms, leading to more individualistic behavior and a focus on formal relationships rather than personal connections.

Tönnies contrasted this with "Gemeinschaft," which describes smaller, more intimate communities where relationships are based on close-knit ties, shared beliefs, and a strong sense of belonging. In Gemeinschaft, individuals typically hold similar values and have a deep emotional engagement with one another, which fosters community cohesion.

Thus, the correct identification of "Gesellschaft" reflects Tönnies' insights into contemporary society's movement away from communal bonds toward more complex, diverse, and often fragmented social structures. This understanding is particularly relevant in analyzing urban environments, where the impersonal nature of social interactions is often pronounced.