What hypothesis posits that language shapes cultures and influences thought?

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, also known as linguistic relativity, suggests that the structure and vocabulary of a language influence the way its speakers perceive and think about the world. This means that different languages may lead to different ways of thinking and understanding experiences. For example, cultures that have multiple words for snow might encourage those speakers to pay more attention to the nuances of snow, thus influencing their perceptions and experiences related to snow.

The hypothesis emphasizes that language is not merely a tool for communication but also a framework through which individuals interpret their surroundings and express their thoughts. It has significant implications for understanding how cultural differences can shape cognitive processes and social interactions.

In contrast, the other options pertain to different theories. Chomsky's theory focuses on the innate aspects of language acquisition, while Piaget's theory addresses cognitive development in children, and the Whorfian hypothesis is essentially another name for or a component of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Therefore, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is the most accurate answer to the question about the relationship between language, culture, and thought.