What does discrimination refer to in a sociological context?

Discrimination in a sociological context refers to the unjust or prejudicial treatment of individuals based on characteristics such as race, gender, age, religion, or other arbitrary factors. This concept embodies the idea that opportunities and rights are denied to certain groups and individuals solely because of these characteristics, rather than their abilities, merits, or actions.

The emphasis on refusal of opportunities based on arbitrary reasons highlights the systemic nature of discrimination, as it shows how certain groups are marginalized and excluded from social, economic, or political participation, often reinforcing existing inequalities within society. This understanding is crucial for analyzing various social issues, such as racism, sexism, and classism, and for examining how societal structures contribute to ongoing disparities.

In contrast, the other options represent concepts that are contrary to discrimination. Equal treatment of all individuals supports the notion of fairness and equity, promoting the exact opposite of discriminatory practices. Promotion of equal rights for all emphasizes advocacy and support for justice, equality, and inclusion, which stands against the foundation of discriminatory actions. Similarly, social harmony among diverse groups focuses on unity and coexistence, reflecting ideals that seek to resolve rather than perpetuate discrimination.