What do the terms 'values' refer to in a sociological context?

In sociology, 'values' are understood as the collective conceptions of what is considered good or bad, desirable or undesirable within a society. These values serve as guiding principles that shape behaviors, norms, and the social fabric of a community. They inform individuals about what is important in their culture and influence a wide range of social institutions, including family, religion, education, and law.

For example, in many cultures, values such as freedom, equality, and respect are upheld and influence everything from political systems to everyday interactions among individuals. This collective understanding of what is valued or devalued helps to create a sense of social order and cohesion, as people act according to these shared beliefs.

The other terms mentioned do not accurately capture the sociological definition of 'values.' Measurable traits focus on quantifiable characteristics rather than societal beliefs. Individuals' preferences pertain to personal choices, which can be influenced by values but do not encompass the broader collective aspect. Cultural norms relate to behaviors expected within a society, grounded in values but distinct from the ideas about good and bad that define value systems.