How did Émile Durkheim define religion?

Émile Durkheim, a foundational sociologist, defined religion as a unified system of beliefs and practices regarding the sacred. He focused on the communal and social aspects of religion, emphasizing that it is not merely about personal spirituality or individual experiences but rather about the collective experience of a community. Durkheim argued that religion serves as a binding force in society, creating a sense of belonging among its members through shared beliefs and rituals.

The concept of the sacred is crucial in Durkheim's understanding of religion. He differentiated between the sacred (which holds a special, revered status) and the profane (the ordinary, everyday aspects of life). This distinction helps illustrate that religion provides a framework for individuals to connect with something greater than themselves, facilitating social cohesion and collective identity.

Thus, Durkheim's perspective encapsulates the idea that religion is fundamentally a social phenomenon that structures a community's moral and ethical life, reinforcing social ties and collective consciousness. This understanding is central to analyzing the role of religion in shaping societies and collective behaviors.